Occupational Safety and Health Free Essays

CT301 Understand Health and Safety in Social Care Settings ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3. 3 Reasons may include: To comply with health and safety legislation, To preserve life, To minimise the consequences of injury and illness, To treat injuries and illnesses effectively. 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Safety and Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Routes of infection may include: Blood circulation, Digestive, Respiratory, Body fluids. 4. 2 Own health or hygiene might pose a risk by e. g. : Causing a serious infection, Causing illness, Causing fatalities. 4. 3 Method may include: Using soap, Using running water, Using hot water, Thoroughly, Frequently, Rubbing palms and interlacing fingers, After every contact with an individual, body fluids or tasks. 4. 4 Personal protective equipment – refers to any protective equipment or clothing that an employer must provide where risks have been identified. This may include: Gloves, Aprons, Masks, Hair nets. When to use may include: During personal care, Handling waste, A change of activity, To protect the carer, To protect the individual. 5. 1 Current legislation may include: Manual handling Operations Regulations, Health Safety at Work Act. 5. 2 Principles may include: Avoiding hazardous manual handling, Conducting a full risk assessment of load, task, environment and individual, Reporting immediately any difficulties, Adhering to agreed working practices, Using equipment correctly. 5. 3 Reasons may include: To comply with legislation, To minimise injury to individual, self or others, To safeguard own and others health and safety, To apply agreed working practices, To use equipment correctly. Disposing of food may include: Wiping all spillages quickly, Ensuring all left over food is disposed of quickly, Ensuring bins are emptied frequently. 11. 3 Common hazards could be: Not cooking/heating food until piping hot, Re-heating food more than once, Using food that has passed its use-by date, Not following correct thawing instructions for food, Contamination through different foods spilling onto each other. 1. 1 Current legislation and subsequent amendments may include: Health Safety at Work Act, The Management of Health Safety Work Regulations, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH), Manual Handling Operations Regulations, The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR), Personal Protective equipment regulations. . 2 Policies and procedures may include agreed ways of working as well as formal policies and procedures Main points may include: The significant risks in relation to the workplace and work tasks, Control measures for hazards, The arrangements for reporting accidents or health problems, The arrangements for first aid, fire and emergencies, Who the key person is for health and safety mat ters, How health and safety is communicated in the workplace, The arrangements to protect others. Individual refers to someone requiring care or support. 1. Responsibilities of the social care worker may include: To take reasonable care for own and others’ health and safety, To report to employer potential and actual hazards and risks, To take part in health and safety training, To understand and comply with health and safety instructions and procedures. Responsibilities of the employer or manager may include: To provide a safe place of work, To assess risks and take action to reduce them, To provide information, instruction, training and supervision, To provide safety signs, To provide adequate welfare and first aid facilities. Responsibilities of individuals may include: To understand and comply with health and safety instructions and procedures, To take reasonable care for own and others’ health and safety. 1. 4 Tasks that the learner should not carry out without special training may include those relating to: Use of equipment, First aid, Medication, Assisting and moving, Emergency procedures, Food handling and preparation. 1. 5 Accessing additional support and information may include : Appointed person(s) responsible for health and safety, Line manager, Health and safety Executive (HSE), Environmental Health department. 2. 1 Meaning of hazard may include: The potential to cause harm e. g. working practice. Meaning of risk may include: The likelihood of harm occurring e. g. through exposure to a hazard. 2. 2 Using a risk assessment may include: Identifying hazards, Evaluating risks, Taking precautions, Reviewing risks, Reporting and recording outcomes. 2. 3 Reporting potential risks may include: Recording findings on a risk assessment form, Communicating findings immediately to manager/appointed health and safety, representative. When to report potential risks may include: Immediately, When existing control measures are inadequate, When additional control measures are required, When there have been changes to original risk assessment e. g. changes to working practices. 2. 4 Risk assessment can help by e. g. : Making the individual aware of the risks, Making the individual aware of the responsibilities employees and the employer have, Being used as the basis for safe working arrangements. 3. 1 Accidents may include: Falls, Burns and scalds, Slips and trips, Swallowing a hazardous substance. 3. 2 Sudden Illness may include: Cardiac arrest, Difficulty with breathing, Stroke, Hypoglycaemia, Seizures, Loss of consciousness, Food poisoning. Procedures may include: Recording and reporting of accident or illness with full details, Registered person submitting notification to CQC and HSE, Informing individuals’ next of kin. 6. 1 Reasons may include: To understand individual’s needs and preferences, To meet individual’s needs and preferences, To apply agreed working practices, To move the individual safely and correctly, To minimise injury to individual, self or others. 6. 2 Care Plan – may be known by other names (e. g. support plan, individual plan). It is the document where day-to-day requirements and preferences for care and support are detailed. Importance of care plan and fully engaging with individual may include: To understand individual’s needs and preferences, To meet individual’s needs and preferences, To move the individual safely and correctly, To involve individual as an active participant in process, To minimise injury to individual, self or others, As a way of ensuring that move is comfortable for the individual. 7. 1 Hazardous Substances may include: Cleaning materials, Disinfectants, Body fluids, Medication. . 2 Safe practices for storing may include: In correct and labelled containers only, Under correct conditions as per instructions, In a secure area. Safe practices for using may include: Reading instructions on label before using, Not mixing substances together incorrectly, Only using substances if trained to do so, Using PPE as instructed, Reporting any difficulties immediately, Safe practices f or disposing may include: Under correct conditions as per instructions, By following disposal workplace procedure. 8. 1 Procedures to prevent fire may include: No smoking, Not having fire doors propped open, Checking appliances are turned off, Checking plugs are switched off, Following a procedure checklist. Procedures to prevent gas leaks may include: Checking appliances are turned off e. g. cooker, fire. Procedures to prevent floods may include: Being aware of how to turn off main water supply, Ensuring taps are turned off after use e. g. bath, sink. Procedures to prevent intruding may include: Being vigilant of security of building i. e. doors, windows, Locking doors and windows, Not giving out key codes to others, Following a procedure checklist. Procedures to prevent security breaches may include: Being vigilant of security of building i. e. doors, windows, Reporting any concerns, Following a procedure checklist. 8. 2 Procedures to follow in event of fire may include: Raise the alarm, Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Go to fire assembly point, Move self and others away from danger area if safe to do. Procedures to follow in event of a gas leak may include: Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Do not turn any switches on/off, Go to assembly point, Move self and others away from building immediately, Record incident. Procedures to follow in event of a flood may include: Turn off main water supply, Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Do not turn any switches on/off, Go to assembly point, Move self and others away from building immediately, Record incident. Procedures to follow in event of intruding may include: Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Move self and others to a safe area if possible, Record incident. Procedures to follow in event of a security breach may include: Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Move self and others away from building immediately, Record incident. 9. 1 Stress can have positive as well as negative effects, but in this unit the word is used to refer to negative stress. Common signs and indicators of stress may include: Feeling more tearful or sensitive, Loss of motivation, Changes in sleep patterns, Changes in eating habits. 9. 2 Circumstances may include: Increased demands from others, Changes in working practices or new working practices, Changes in team members, Relationships, Unexpected changes i. e. financial, personal, work. 9. 3 Ways may include: Taking time out for yourself, Talking through how you feel with your line manager, Attending any stress management courses available, Engaging in relaxing activities whilst away from work. 10. 1 Handling medication may include: Ordering, Receiving, Storage administration, Recording, Disposal. 10. 2 Person responsible for medication may include: Trained worker, Designated person, Individual when self-medicating. 10. 3 Reasons may include: To comply with legislation, To ensure it is administered safely, To ensure it is administered correctly, As workers are accountable for their actions. 11. 1 Current food safety standards may include: Food Standards Act, Food safety workplace policy, Food safety guidelines. 11. 2 Storing food may include: Ensuring all food stored is covered over, Storing food on correct shelf/container in fridge/cupboard, Labelling with date all food stored, Storing cooked food when cooled down. Maximising hygiene may include: Keeping yourself clean, Wearing protective clothing, Keeping workplace clean, Using separate utensils and equipment for different types of food, Regular and through hand washing. How to cite Occupational Safety and Health, Essay examples

Condoleeza rice Essay Example For Students

Condoleeza rice Essay Condoleezza Rice At this point in time the name and image of Condoleezza Rice is commonplace among the majority of informed Americans. As the first female to serve as the National Security Advisor to the President of the United States, Dr. Rice was propelled even further into the spotlight following the attacks on America on September 11th 2001. I too, like most Americans, saw a lot more of Condi, as she is known by her many friends and colleagues, after September 11. Clearly she was intelligent and always remained calm and poised in the face of adversity and standing before the cameras. I also noticed and appreciated her articulation and was even moved by what seemed like her stoic yet compassionate presentation. It was not until I read Dr. Rices biography, Condi, by Antonia Felix, however that she gained my utmost respect. By the 21st century a black successful black female is not as uncommon as it was fifty years ago. Black women had fought their way to the top in many arenas, including political such as the U.S. Senate. What is truly amazing about Condis story is speed and finesse with which she ascended to the top of everything she took on. An endearing friendship and mutual loyalty with both of the George Bushes surely did not hurt her. Condis success was hardly limited to the world of politics. She approached music, fitness, academics, sports, religion, and family with the same decisiveness, consistency, and determination that she brought to the public sector. Condi is also no stranger to controversy. Now more than ever she faces a host of critics, especially regarding her supposed knowledge of possible terrorist threats before they came to pass on September 11. Her Republican politics made her less than popular among African Americans although she maintains a more liberal perspective on social issues and remains pro-choice. In spite of her ups and downs it is ultimately her unfaltering character to which she can attribute her success as well as her status as what many call the most powerful woman in politics. The high academic pursuits of the Rice family did not exactly begin with Condoleezza and her generation. The foundation of this idea can be seen in chapter 2 of her autobiography in which the author begins the chronological record with a look at Julia Head Rice. Julia was born into slavery, albeit house slavery which was held in higher regards than field slavery. House slaves worked directly side by side with their masters families and were generally more informed and privileged than field slaves. Julias ability to read and desire to better herself and her children served as a hallmark for the Rice family legacy. It was Julias son John who became the first Rice to leave the farm and head and pursue a college career. Condi even discussed her Granddaddy Rice and his journey in 1918 to Stillman College in Alabama in her speech at the Republican National Convention. Upon the completion of his program at Stillman, John was ordained as a Presbyterian minister and according to Condi, the Rices have been Presbyterian and educated ever since. John eventually reared his son John Wesley Rice, Condis father, in the same manner. He too was educated and became an ordained minister like his father before him. Her mother Angelena Ray was raised in a similar fashion and excelled at playing the piano from an early age. Both Condis maternal and paternal lineages found education to be the ultimate redemption in segregated Alabama in which the Jim Crowe laws sought to make all black citizens less than equal with their white counterparts. By the age of twenty-four John W. Rice had earned his master of divinity and was working as a minister as well as a teacher and coach in a local high school. His soon to be wife, Angelena, was also working, as a high school music teacher in a middleclass suburb or Birmingham, Alabama. .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716 , .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716 .postImageUrl , .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716 , .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716:hover , .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716:visited , .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716:active { border:0!important; } .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716:active , .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716 .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf4a274e3e4b8e73a095616efc8aae716:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bipolar disorders Essay John and Angelena were not the only members of their families to engulf themselves in academia as Johns sister, Condis Aunt, received a PhD in English literature and wrote a book on Charles Dickens in 1989. Condi has been known .

Development and Validation of Performance Prediction Models and Specifications for Asphalt Binders and Paving Mixes Essay Example

Development and Validation of Performance Prediction Models and Specifications for Asphalt Binders and Paving Mixes Essay Development and Validation of Performance Prediction Models and Specifications for Asphalt Binders and Paving Mixes Dr. Robert L. Lytton Dr. Jacob Uzan Dr. Emmanuel G. Femando Texas Transportation Institute Texas AM University College Station, Texas Dr. Reynaldo Roque Dr. Dennis Hiltunen Dr. Shelley M. Stoffels Pennsylvania Transportation Institute Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania .r_rrD Strategic Highway Research Program National Research Council Washington, DC 1993 SHRP-A-357 ISBN 0-309-05617-9 Contract A-005 Product No. 012 Program Manager: Edward Harrigan Project Manager: Harold Von Quintus Production Editor: Cara J. Tate Program Area Secretary: Juliet Narsiah October 1993 key words: calibration crack initiation crack propagation creep compliance elastic fatigue cracking fracture mechanics fracture toughness laboratory testing of asphalt concrete material properties mechanics microcracks pattern search method pavement performance prediction plastic resi lient dilatancy resilient properties rutting system identification method thermal cracking validation vermeer plastic properties viscoelastic viscoplasticStrategic Highway Research Program National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue N. W. Washington, DC 20418 (202) 334-3774 The publication of this report does not necessarily indicate approval or endorsement of the findings, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations either inferred or specifically expressed herein by the National Academy of Sciences, the United States Government, or the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials or its member states.  © 1993 National Academy of Sciences 1. 5M/NAP/1093 Acknowledgments The research described herein was supported by the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP).SHRP is a unit of the National Research Council that was authorized by section 128 of the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987. In a project as extensive and dem anding as the SHRP A-005 project, the utmost efforts were called for and received from the project staff. Of particular note are the contributions of W. W. Crockford, Ming-Lou Liu, T. Freeman, C. K. Estakhri, Fuming Wang, C. H. Michalak, J. N. Galey, N. Stubbs, O. J. Pendleton, M. Chau, C. E. Schlieker, S. Phillips, and S. Cain with the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) team.TTI secretarial services were provided by B. Cullen, C. Bryan, G. Fattorini, and S. Pierce. Noteworthy contributors from the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute team were S. Arnold, M. G. Sharma, W. Butlar, T. Farwana, N. Kim, K. Knechtel, W. Lauritzen, S. Reddy, P. Romero, N. Tabatabaee, and V. Tandon. SHRP technical staff who provided valuable assistance were H. Von Quintus and R. Leahy. ..  ° 111 Abstract The objectives of SHRPs asphalt research were: to extend the life or reduce the life cycle costs of asphalt pavements; to reduce maintenance costs; and to minimize the number of premature failures.An important result of this research effort is the development of performance-based specifications for asphalt binders and mixtures to control three distress modes: rutting, fatigue cracking and thermal cracking. The SHRP A-005 project developed detailed pavement performance models to support these binder and mixture specifications and performance-based mixture designs. This report documents the findings of this extensive research effort and provides supporting data for the performance-based specifications and mixture design procedure called SUPERPAVE TM.SHRP Contracts A-002A (Binder Characterization and Evaluation) and A-003A (Performance-Related Testing and Measuring of Asphalt-Aggregate Interactions and Mixtures) accomplished three goals: 1) to identify relationships between asphalt binder properties and field performance; 2) to develop models for the estimation of pavement distress based the physicochemical properties of the asphalt binder; and 3) to produce test methods to measure these pavement performance factors. The final validation of these relationships, test methods and findings is the focus of long-term, controlled field experiments (Specific Pavement Studies[SPS]-9).This validation approach requires 10 or more years of investigation and observations, which is inconsistent with SHRPs objective to rapidly develop performance-based specifications. The validation process was accelerated by the SHRP A-005 contract, which developed and used a sophisticated, mechanistic-based pavement performance model to define the relationships between asphalt binder and mixture properties and pavement distress. The objectives of the SHRP A-005 Contract are as follows: 1. stablish, on the basis of documented field performance data, criteria that may be used in support of the asphalt binder specification and for the design of asphaltaggregate mixture systems develop performance prediction models for asphalt binder and for asphaltaggregate mixture systems 2. V A comprehens ive pavement of fatigue cracking, thermal time, using results from the environmental data and can (combination of binder and performance model was developed that predicts the amount cracking and rutting in asphalt concrete pavements with accelerated laboratory tests.The model uses detailed be used to determine the optimal mixture design aggregates) for specific conditions. The pavement performance models for each distress were also used to confirm the relevant binder and mixture properties established by other SHRP contractors using accelerated laboratory tests and laboratory torture tests; and to establish the degree of correlation between those asphalt binder and mixture properties. Results from these model studies were used to confirm or make recommendations for revisions to the asphalt binder specification.In general, these analytical studies confirmed the material properties and specific limits used in the performance based specification. The model is simple, runs on a microcom puter, and can be used to evaluate or design asphalt concrete mixtures. The model can minimize a specific distress or combinations of different distresses, or it can set specification limits for specific materials and environments. The model has three parts: 1) a mixture evaluation model, 2) a pavement response model, and 3) a pavement distress model. The mixture evaluation program calculates the relevant binder and mix properties from the accelerated laboratory tests.These properties are used with the pavement response program to evaluate the behavior of a mixture subjected to traffic and/or environmental loads. This mixture evaluation program calculates the non-linear elastic, viscoelastic, plastic and fracture properties of a mixture. The pavement response program calculates the stresses and strains in an asphalt-aggregate system from applied wheel loads and temperature changes. The pavement distress program uses the relevant mixture properties and the appropriate stresses and st rains to calculate the amount of cracking (from wheel loads and environmental loads) and rutting with time. i Executive Summary The objectives of SHRPs asphalt research were: to extend the life or reduce the life cycle costs of asphalt pavements; to reduce maintenance costs; and to minimize the number of premature failures. An important result of this research effort is the development of performance-based specifications for asphalt binders and mixtures to control three distress modes: rutting, fatigue cracking and thermal cracking. The SHRP A-005 project developed detailed pavement performance models to support these binder and mixture specifications and performance-based mixture designs.This report documents the findings of this extensive research effort and provides supporting data for the performance-based specifications and mixture design procedure called SUPERPAVE TM. The objectives of the SHRP A-005 Contract are as follows: 1. establish, on the basis of documented field perfo rmance data, criteria that may be used in support of the asphalt binder specification and for the design of asphaltaggregate mixture systems develop performance prediction aggregate mixture systems models for asphalt binder and for asphalt- 2.The successful development of performance-based specifications required the validation of those properties identified as important determinants of pavement performance. This validation effort is a three-stage process. The first two stages were completed under SHRP. The third or final stage will be directed by the FHWA through the SPS-9 projects of the ongoing Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program. The first stage of the validation effort was accomplished through the use of accelerated laboratory tests by the SHRP A-003A contract.The second stage was accomplished by the SHRP A-005 contract through the use of field performance data. This second stage established the degree of correlation between the field observations of distress and: 1. 2. those asphalt binder properties shown to significantly affect the performancerelated characteristics of asphalt-aggregate mixtures performance-related material properties of asphalt-aggregate mixtures Furthermore, the second stage validation effort provided the experimental results needed to set the specification limits for the relevant binder and mixture properties selected to vii ontrol pavement distress. These experimental results were also used to estimate the accuracy of the accelerated laboratory test methods employed to measure the relevant properties. This second stage validation effort relied heavily on the sampling and testing of asphalt-aggregate mixtures from the LTPP General Pavement Study (GPS) sections. A comprehensive pavement of fatigue cracking, thermal time, using results from the environmental data and can (combination of binder and performance model was developed that predicts the amount cracking and rutting in asphalt concrete pavements with accelerated labo ratory tests.The model uses detailed be used to determine the optimal mixture design aggregates) for specific conditions. The pavement performance models for each distress were also used to confirm the relevant binder and mixture properties established by other SHRP contractors using accelerated laboratory tests and laboratory torture tests; and to establish the degree of correlation between those asphalt binder and mixture properties. Results from these model studies were used to confirm or make recommendations for revisions to the asphalt binder specification.In general, these analytical studies confirmed the material properties and specific limitsused in the performance based specification. A brief list of the products from this research follows. Systems Identification Model The performance models are used to predict distresses or observations, such as cracking and rutting. The SID generates material properties for those models to minimize the error between the observed and predi cted pavement distress. Basically, the SID sets up a sensitivity matrix and solves for the required change when the change is larger than the prescribed acceptable value for convergence.This system was used in the calibration process for each of the pavement distresses, and to establish the specification limits for asphalt binders and mixtures. The SID can be extremely useful to mix designers and specification writers to theoretically establish limits for mixture properties under projectspecific conditions. It can also be used to update and revise the calibration coefficients of the pavement performance models. ? Micromechanics (MM) Model The micromechanics (MM) model is a system of material response equations for each material component used in asphalt concrete mixes.The model combines the measured response characteristics (in terms of creep-compliance) of the binder, mastic and aggregate to predict that same response of a combined mixture. This model will be useful to mix designer s to theoretically evaluate and initially optimize a mixture blend prior to any accelerated laboratory tests on that mix.  °Ã‚ °Ã‚ ° _III Pavement Distress Models A set of comprehensive models that predict the amount of fatigue cracking, rutting and thermal cracking with time are available.Each of these models use results from the accelerated laboratory tests to calculate critical material properties of the mixture for the stresses and strains imposed on the mixture from applied wheel and environmental loads. These stresses and strains are then used to calculate each type of distress. Fatigue cracking is calculated in terms of square feet per unit area and is based on fracture mechanics methodology. Thermal cracks are calculated in terms of linear feet per unit length and used linear viscoelasticity to determine thermal stresses and fracture mechanics principles to estimate the amount of cracking with time.Rutting is calculated in terms of an average rut depth, based on a 4-ft str aight edge. The model uses the concept of a material elasto-plastic formulation to calculate the initial plastic deformation due to both shearing and volumetric stresses and uses the concept of strainhardening to calculate the total depth rutting within each different season. Binder Performance-Based Specification Binder performance-based specifications limits for thermal cracking were found based upon patterns of binder stiffness and log slope of the compliance as they affect the extent of cracking.No such patterns could be found to relate binder properties to the rate of appearance of load-related distress, leading to the conclusion that binder properties alone do not control the fatigue cracking or rutting performance of asphalt concrete. Instead, specifications for both the binder and mixture properties are necessary for quality assurance against load-related distress. The calibrated performance prediction models provide a sound and reliable means for such mixture specification limits.Binder properties alone also do not control thermal cracking and mixture tests must be performed to evaluate the thermal cracking performance of a particular mixture. Finally, it is important to note that all of the quantities used for specification limits are material properties that are defined as they are used in mechanics. Its efficiency and simplicity in descriptions of essential and sensitive material characteristics make the discipline of mechanics a very useful and practical framework, not only for predicting distress but for the development of specifications that are directly related to performanceMaterial Property Relationships of pavement materials have been used in Several new methods for the characterization the load-related performance model. †¢ The resilient properties of asphalt were found to be identical to those used to characterize the materials in the supporting layers. Poissons ratio was found to be stress dependent. A tension in the asphalt binder w as found to be acting between ix I the aggregate temperature. †¢ particles. Both of these effects were found to depend strongly uponThe plasticity parameters which characterize asphaltic concrete include two friction angles, a cohesion, and a volumetric component, all of which are also commonly used in soil mechanics to characterize base course and subgrade materials. †¢ The accumulation of plastic deformations due to repeated traffic loading was shown to be related to the plastic properties and to the slope of the log creep compliance curve of the asphalt mix. The fracture properties of asphalt concrete were found to apply to both the crack initiation and crack propagation phases of crack growth in viscoelastic materials was found to be applicable to asphalt concrete. Pavement Performance Models Models of permanent deformation and cracking damage were developed and calibrated to field observations of these distresses on pavement sites distributed across the United States and Canada. Calibration adjustments were made to the predictions by a mathematical technique known as the Systems Identification (SID) method or by a nonlinear pattern search method. The adjustments were made in seven material properties that represent the two phases of fatigue cracking and in one coefficient of the rut depth.The calibration adjustments were not large nor did they vary much from one climatic zone to another, indicating that the prediction models developed for both fatigue cracking and rutting are sound. The calibrated models take into account the traffic, the temperature variations in all layers throughout the year, and the consequent variations in the material properties of each pavement layer in computing the accumulations of rutting and cracking with the seasons. Even though the pavement predictions were calibrated in sets grouped into climatic zones, the performance predicted for each pavement matched the actual performance very well.Temperature and moisture com putations were made with the FHWA Integrated Model of Environmental Effects, this project which showned to be capable of reproducing field measurements very well. The calibrated load-related model was shown to be well suited for the development of performance-related specifications and for the SHRP mix design model SUPERPAVE TM. X Field Experiments GPS Sites An experiment design was adopted to provide a wide variety of climatic exposure and rates of appearance of rutting and fatigue cracking.Very detailed information was obtained for each pavement section to permit a fairly complete characterization of the material properties of each layer. Cores were taken and tested in a variety of temperatures, stress and strain states. Material properties derived from these were found to be comparable to elastic and viscoelastic properties backcalculated from nondestructive deflection tests made with a falling weight deflectometer. Dynamic analysis was performed on about half of the pavement se ctions to determine the viscoelastic and damped elastic characteristics of each layer.It was shown that this backcalculation can produce reasonable values of m, the slope of the log creep compliance curve of the asphalt surface layer. This slope has been found to be the most important single variable in predicting rutting, fatigue cracking, and thermal cracking. Thus, the ability to measure it nondestructively in the field is a research result of this project that is of primary importance. The FHWA Integrated Model of Environmental Effects was shown to be very accurate in predicting seasonal variations of layer temperature, moisture, and moduli.This model, and the pavement performance prediction model form the computational elements of the SHRP SUPERPAVE TM mix design system. Laboratory Testing of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures A method of taking and testing cores in a variety of test modes and stress states was developed in this project. Among other testing modes, the equipment can run monotonic, repeated, and frequency sweep tests in tension or compression with triaxial testing equipment. Tensile tests have been avoided customarily because the samples fail in the grips.In this project the difficulty was found to be alignment, which was cured with a high production rate gluing jig when this device was used and 98 percent of the samples tested to failure parted in the center of the sample and away from the loading heads. Simulation of traffic loading rates in the tests, would have required much more sophisticated equipment, both to load and to record accurately the response of the sample. Instead, the objective of each test described herein was to measure the material response under a steady applied load, in a sample where the stress and strain patterns were uniform.This permited an accurate determination of the material properties that were then be used to determine the response of the material to traffic loading rates. Use of a cylindrical sample, taken from a fi eld core, permited the application of a variety of triaxial stress states that allowed a determination of how the material properties depended upon the stress state. The sample was placed in a temperature-controlled chamber to permit testing at the full range of temperatures to which an asphalt concrete layer is subject in the field.A specially designed metal chamber allowed the sample to be tested under a wide variety of confining pressures. A pair of LVDTs measured the †¢ xi i lateral strain of the sample, which made possible a complete and accurate characterization of the elastic, plastic, viscoelastic, viscoplastic resilient, dilatant, strength, and fracture properties of a material. Overall, the coring and testing apparatus developed in this project is reliable, accurate, and relatively simple both to construct and to operate.The A-003A project developed methods to analyze the test data for the Accelerated Laboratory Tests to produce the viscoelastic, resilient and plastic ity properties needed as input to the load-related performance model. In the course of all of the test material characterization and performance prediction work performed in this project, it became clear how important it is to measure the lateral strain as well as the vertical strain in any sample of pavement material tested, whether it is asphalt concrete, base course or subgrade. Pavement Performance PredictionThe performance prediction models developed in this project are developed for use on microcomputers and have been incorporated into the SHRP SUPERPAVE TM mix design procedure. The use of plasticity characterization to predict rutting makes it possible to consider both vertical and lateral permanent deformation in all of the pavement layers. The prediction of fatigue cracking is separated into two processes: crack initiation and crack propagation. During crack initiation, distributed microcracks form, grow, densify, and coalesce under repeated loads. Healing is assumed to occ ur primarily in the crack initiation phase.During crack propagation, cracks grow outward from the tensile zone where the microcracks form. These cracks grow from small but visible flaws into fulldepth cracks of the asphalt layer primarily in the shearing propagation mode. The predictions made with this approach were found to be unusually accurate even before they were calibrated to match the field observations. The calibration process was used extensively in this project as a form of nonlinear regression analysis. It was employed in a variety of ways to reduce laboratory data as well as to bring predicted distress into close accordance with the field observations.Two powerful techniques were used which should find many practical uses in the pavement field in the future: the Systems Identification SID method, and the pattern search method. Both methods satisfy a least sum of squared errors criterion. Calibration is done in this program by finding multiplying factors for the most sens itive material properties. These were found by sensitivity analysis to be the stiffness of the asphalt concrete, its tensile strength, the log slope of the creep compliance curve, and the two healing coefficients.The calibration method has another unique use which was developed and demonstrated in this project. Once a performance model is calibrated, the same calibration process can be converted to determine minimum values of those material properties which are xii needed to meet prescribed distress target levels. This use of the performance prediction programs to assist in setting specification levels for material properties is very promising and deserves further exploration. Validation of Relations Between Material Properties nd Pavement Performance While it is evident that the properties of the asphalt binder are an important factor in the service life of asphalt concrete, the lack of observed patterns of high and low rates of rutting and fatigue cracking show plainly that the se lection of the binder alone will not assure good load-related performance. It is clear that the disciplines of pavement analysis, design, and mix design, and the effects of construction and weather, also play important roles in the development of load-related distress.The pavement performance prediction model represents several important advances in pavement analysis and design and in mix design through its use in SUPERPAVE TM. The micromechanics model of the properties of a mix which was developed in this project needs to be studied in detail for its potential benefits to an understanding of the important interactions of the constituents in mix design. Without such an understanding, setting specification limits on the properties of the binder will have little or no effect on the retardation of load-related distress. ThermalCracking were drawn regarding the effectiveness of new SHRP binder which are based on the results of the field validation studies The following conclusions and m ixture specifications presented in this report. †¢ The indirect tensile creep and failure test at low temperatures (ITLT), that was developed at PTI as part of this contract is clearly suitable to support the new SHRP mixture specification for the control of thermal cracking. Excellent correspondence was obtained between observed thermal cracking in the field and thermal cracking predicted by using properties determined from the ITLT.Use of the time-temperature superposition principle to determine the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures, and determination of fracture parameters from viscoelastic properties and mixture strength, appear to be valid and suitable methods to determine the low temperature mixture properties needed for the control of thermal cracking. The parameters S and m (stiffness and m-value at 60-second loading time) determined from the bending beam rheometer tests appear to be suitable for evaluating the relative thermal cracking performance of asphalt binders.S and m correlated reasonably well with observed thermal cracking in the field. †¢ †¢ xiii †¢ The limits on S and 29,000 psi and m gt; in this investigation, 45,000 psi and m gt; m defined in version 7G of the binder specification (S lt; 0. 35) appear to be too restrictive. Based on the data obtained the following limits appear to be more appropriate: $ lt; 0. 30. thermal cracking effect on the thermal ITLT test must be a particular mixture. †¢ The binder specification alone does not guarantee adequate performance. Mixture characteristics may have a significant cracking performance of a particular binder.Therefore, the performed to evaluate the thermal cracking performance of Aging The aging studies led to the following conclusions: †¢ For the range of mixtures evaluated in this investigation, it appears that the thermal cracking performance of asphalt mixtures can be reasonably evaluated on the basis of only the properties of the mixture after long- term-aging (i. e. without accounting for the rate of age-hardening). It appears that long-term mixture aging (as defined by the SHRP A003-A contractor) is needed to properly evaluate the thermal cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures.This assumes that the long-term mixture aging procedure results in aging levels comparable to those observed in the field. Based on limited data, it appears that aging levels comparable to those observed in the field, as reflected by changes in the low temperature properties of the binder, can be attained through TFOT followed by PAV aging as proposed in the SHRP binder specification. The effectiveness of the long-term mixture aging procedure proposed by the SHRP A-003A contractor could not be evaluated because the laboratory mixing and compaction methods used in this investigation did not represent field mixture and compaction.Low temperature properties of laboratory-produced mixtures were very different than properties of field cores of the same mixt ure. †¢ †¢ †¢ Moisture Effects studies led to the following conclusions: The moisture †¢ Moisture changes within the asphalt mixture have a significant effect on fundamental low temperature properties of the mixture and on thermal cracking performance. xiv †¢ Low temperature properties for the evaluation of thermal cracking resistance of a mixture using the PTI thermal cracking model must be determined on a dry mixtures (i. e. ither laboratory-produced mixtures or field cores that have been thoroughly dried prior to testing). Use of properties determined at other moisture levels may result in significant errors in thermal cracking predictions and thus in evaluating the thermal cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures. For the range of mixtures evaluated in this investigation, it appears that the thermal cracking performance of asphalt mixtures can be reasonably evaluated on the basis of only the dry properties of the mixture (i. e. , without accounting for ef fects of moisture changes).

History Notes Essay Example

History Notes Essay Example History Notes Essay History Notes Essay How successful were the labour governments of 1964-1970 in fulfilling their promise to create a New Britain? During 1964 to 1970, The Labour government planned to create a ‘New Britain’ under the leadership of Harold Wilson. The most important successes of the Labour government include education, social freedoms and the freedoms of women. However, the most important failures of labour included its lack of the scientific minds in the party and its failure of large economic and technological advancement. Firstly, the Labour Government had hopes of reviving and advancing the technology in Britain.In their manifesto, Labour stated ‘We shall create a New Britain – mobilising the resources of technology. ’ This can be supported by their development of a Ministry of Technology and an attempt to base government on scientific principles. In which an emphasis was placed on planning, management and professionalism. Socially, there was an advance towards a more m obile, less class-ridden Britain. With the introduction of the Establishment of the Race Relations Board, which aimed to tackle racial discrimination and promote racial equality.Before the Wilson period, Britain was viewed as segregated, however Labour wanted to change this and integrate society more. A success shown by Labour during this period was the attempt to break down the old class barriers. ‘It was a very good time for the arts and many aspects of education, the Open University in particular. ’ This provides information which supports the idea that the Labour governments of 1964–1970 were a success in creating a new modern Britain. As well as the Open University, Labour’s other education policies included; the development of comprehensive schools and the expansion of higher education.Leading on from this, Labour was successful in building upon social freedoms as well. The establishment of the Ministry of Arts under Jennie Lee increased cultural opp ortunities. This provided funding for the Arts Council and British Film Institute. By doing this, they showed concern to broaden cultural opportunities for all. Furthermore, the Wilson years were in many ways seen as successful and creative. ‘It was an era of social and sexual freedom. ’ As Paul Johnson wrote after the 1970 election ‘We no longer terrorise homosexuals. We do not force mothers to bring forth unwanted children into the world.We do not murder by the rope’. This showed signs of liberalisation against; homosexuality, divorce, abortion and the end of hanging. Thus, supporting the view of the Labour Government trying to create a new modern society. On the other hand, it can be seen that the Labour government never lived up to its manifesto promise to create a New Britain. One of the major factors why Labour was unsuccessful was due to its economic failures. Labour had higher tax rates than the Conservative government and the unions wanted to stop the technological advances in industries.Conservative policies of ‘Rising incomes and lower taxes have made possible a spectacular increase in spending on the essentials’ for British people. Another economic problem that arose during this period was Labour’s slowness to bring about devaluation. Devaluation was when the issuing government had mandated that the price of the currency in foreign dollars is lower than it was before. This added to economic problems as a result of inflation remaining high at 12% between 1969–1970. The Labour Government did not succeed in changing the living conditions of the people. Under Conservative rule the living standards of the British people have improved more than in the whole of the previous half-century. ’ This is shown where over 98% of the working population have jobs that have caused the standard of living for people to increase. This differs from Labour’s ideals, where they focused more on social refor ms rather than improving beneficial changes in the country. In addition, Conservatives did not believe the ideas Labour was suggesting about creating a New Britain. Rather they deemed it to be a ‘camouflage aged return to dreary doctrines which have already proved a failure. Also, the doctrine showed no mention of moral issues, because leaders like Wilson and Brown were conservative on such issues. The Conservatives believed what they were offering was an extension of prosperity which their policies had been proven to achieve. In conclusion, the Labour Government did have some successes during this period in creating a New Britain, which was mainly due to the support they were given by the government. The development of a Ministry of Technology put an emphasis on planning, management and professionalism.And, developing education policies, which included the development of comprehensive schools and the expansion of higher education, meant a breakdown of social barriers. However , The Labour Government never fully achieved its successes in creating a New Britain. This was due to the failure of the economic policies such as Labour having higher taxes than the conservatives. And finally, the Conservative fears that implied Labour’s ‘New Britain’ would have meant a return to the ‘dreary’ and failed doctrines of the past Labour Governments.

Research report writing (Maintenance Management) Essay

Research report writing (Maintenance Management) - Essay Example The development intent aimed at enterprise creation for people within adjacent communities, a densely populated depressed area. The front most of five warehouses which stretches 200 meters corresponding to the highway was split in half to create roadway and traffic flow into the industrial block. Roadwork and open space completes 55% of the 22,365 square meter original warehouse footprint. One of the halves of the original warehouse, which has a floor area of 5, 804.5 square meters, is fit out as a bazaar of smaller stalls. Several corridors cut from road level through entrances 3 meters wide and 3 meters high. Along the perimeter there are a total of 19 direct exit points with a total linear opening of 54.3 meters, but this includes the number of back portion fire exits. The overall effect is practically a covered open space. Common in a number of historic facilities is the practice of natural ventilation systems, which over several alterations of the facility use, these built in systems are compromised. By contentious views on energy usage and environmental issues, natural ventilation resurfaced as a method increasingly attractive for reduced energy consumption and acceptable ecological print (Walker, 2010). In the conversion of Warehouse—1, the ventilation system was reviewed of less importance since there were no recorded technical complications of difficulty in this category for the past 25—year warehouse operation. While this review provoked green build possibilities, the idea of facility conversion insofar also compromised capital expenditure constraint or reinvestment conservatism. The design approach is an application of the displacement ventilation theory by exhaust suction treatment, which relies heavily on the natural air movement in the vicinity. It occurs that the industrial block has a constant cool breeze from tree hedges that outline each warehouse zone. That is, a natural ventilation system depends on pressure differences to

Sex trafficking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sex trafficking - Research Paper Example It involves traffickers detaining or transporting victims for commercial sexual exploitation as defined by Moser (222). To bring into perspective the prevalence and trends of this social vice in the 19th Century, this paper borrows from the novel Thousand Pieces of Gold by Ruthanne Lum McCunn who narrates the struggles of women to earn their dignity and respect in early America through the life story of a Chinese girl, Lalu Nathoy whose father referred to her as Thousand Pieces of Gold, just as the title of the novel. With the famine of 1871 in northern China, he sells off Lalu to a brothel and later to a slave merchant travelling to America. This was the turning point in the life of the young girl. This paper guides on this discussion on sex trafficking, giving leads on how victims get lured and evaluating possible solutions in the light of the findings. Socio-economic misgivings, particularly poverty and wrong perception of better lives in other countries propagate sex trafficking. In this early society, sex trafficking was widely spread across the board. Not even were children spared as Li, the sex trafficker in the novel, traffics children together with her other victims. This comes to light when she quarrels Lalu for not getting the fraudulent customs clearing procedures right, claiming that â€Å"Even children: some of them are only ten, eleven years old. Children† were much better than she was (Gold 95). The cultural beliefs treated women as objects meant for the pleasure of men, while men were exalted as the only gender that had the right to work for a living. This therefore meant that women could be used in whichever way men would find pleasurable to them. Comparably, Moser (226) cites the US Department of Health and Human Services documenting sex trafficking as the second largest and fastest criminal industry worldwide. Women and children still comprise the majority of victims at about 80%, with two million children estimated to be in the comme rcial sex trade. Borrowing statistics from the United Nations, the researcher further estimates the market value for this crime at over $32 billion. Before the year 2000, sex trafficking was not prosecuted as a crime in itself but under other crimes such as promotion of prostitution. This exhibits the society’s clinging onto ancient belief of men as the superior gender. Just as Gold observed that a woman was not to â€Å"work like a man† so as to look appealing for marriage in the early days, the society still does not appreciate a woman as a laborer (356). Having pointed out that sex trafficking still remains rampant in the modern society as was in the 19th Century, it would be critical to understand how the vulnerable groups find themselves as victims of this crime. Deception, as put by Walters and Davis (1) stands out as a leading approach in luring victims of sex trafficking. The novel tells of Li, the trafficker, who took advantage of the naive American dream that Lalu had to lure her into her trap. Using America as a destination for her victims

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics - Essay Example This is particularly true when it comes to fellow professionals or protecting the reputation of our particular field. While â€Å"whistleblowers† are praised for their courage and integrity, the personal cost of â€Å"doing the right thing† can mean death to a career. Such behavior can also seriously affect the career of fellow professionals. A good example of the problems involved in balancing ones duty to fellow professionals and doing the right thing when one sees something wrong is clearly laid out by Michael Davis in Thinking Like an Engineer: Studies in the Ethics of a Profession. Davis outlines events leading up to the now infamous Challenger disaster brought on by certain engineering decisions regarding the questionable safety of ORings (4 Codes and Ethics of the Challenger, p 43-44). In reading the account the â€Å"blame† seems to fall upon one man, Robert Lund, vice president of engineering at Morton Thiokol, manufacturer of faulty ORings which were blamed for the tragedy. A team of engineers had recommended the flight be scraped, but Lund, with pressure from various people at the Space Center, was persuaded to allow the project to go forward. Space Center officials were â€Å"appalled at the evidence on which the no-launch recommendation was based.† (p44). Lund was in a professional bind. Should he take the advice of fellow engineers at Thiokol, or go with the recommendation of officials at the Space Center most of them engineers, to go forward. There was a lot of money at stake for Thiokol, and Lund knew it. The reputations of engineers were also at stake. He had to choose between duty to fellow professionals and pressure from outsiders to â€Å"think like a manager.† (p44) He chose the latter to disastrous results. It is easy as a professional to judge Lund’s decision in hindsight. Should he have blown the whistle then? Did he even think it necessary?